Composite value score (0–100) using P/E vs 3-year average, P/B vs sector, PEG ratio, and historical P/E percentile — higher scores indicate cheaper valuation.
Formula: PEvs3yrAvg×30% + PBvsSector×25% + PEG×25% + HistoricalPEPct×20%
How to read it: > 65 = attractively valued · 35–65 = fairly valued · < 35 = expensive relative to history and peers.
The value premium (Fama-French 1992) is one of the most replicated findings in finance. This composite avoids single-metric traps (e.g., a low P/E in a structurally declining business) by cross-checking four independent valuation angles.